First Vietnamese American elected to Congress

By: Rick Jervous-USA Today

NEW ORLEANS — Anh "Joseph" Cao was taken from war-ravaged Vietnam as an 8-year-old boy, leaving his parents for the safety and hope of America.

On Sunday, 33 years later, leaders at Mary Queen of Vietnam Church in east New Orleans introduced Cao (pronounced GOW), a Republican, as the first Vietnamese American elected to Congress. The congregation stood and applauded.

"Never in my life did I think I could be a future congressman," Cao, 41, said at a victory party Saturday after he beat out nine-term Democratic incumbent William Jefferson. "The American dream is well and alive."

Cao's victory represents not only a stronger voice for Vietnamese in America but payoff for generations of hard work and sacrifice by Vietnamese immigrants, said Luke Nguyen Hungdung, a pastor at the main church in east New Orleans. "The older Vietnamese generation is especially proud to see a Vietnamese enter Congress," he said.

Cao, a newcomer, won the 2nd Congressional District race, 50% to 47%. The win could be the final blow to the political career of Jefferson, who is charged in a 16-count federal bribery and money-laundering indictment. Prosecutors allege Jefferson took more than $500,000 in bribes, including $90,000 that investigators found in his freezer.

"People are innocent until proven guilty," said Faye Leggins, 54, a Democrat who voted for Jefferson on Saturday.

Cao capitalized on low turnout in the mostly black and Democratic district. The election schedule was delayed because of Hurricane Gustav this summer. Only 66,846 people voted Saturday for the general election, compared with 164,000 for the Nov. 4 Democratic runoff, state figures show.

"I think people just ran out of gas a bit," Jefferson said Saturday.

Cao was born in Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City), the fifth of eight children, as the country's civil war was ramping up, according to his website. Shortly after Saigon was overrun by North Vietnamese troops, he came to the USA with two siblings. His father was in a North Vietnamese prison, and his mother stayed behind to raise five children.

Cao earned a bachelor's degree in physics from Baylor University in Texas. He also has a master's degree in philosophy and a law degree. He and his wife, Hieu "Kate" Hoang, have two daughters, Sophia, 5, and Betsy, 3. His parents now live in New Orleans.

After Hurricane Katrina, Cao, an immigration lawyer, fought the utility companies and helped return power to and rebuild the Vietnamese community.

His victory is still sinking in, spokesman John Tobler said.

"It's still a major adjustment to his life and what he represents not only to the Vietnamese community here but throughout the country," Tobler said.

Contributing: Associated Press

Vietnamese Americans doing business in Vietnam

By Emma-Kate Symons

With his long, layered hair, snakeskin boots and Australian twang Bien Nguyen could pass for a stylish overseas tourist soaking up the frenetic energy of Ho Chi Minh City.

Except he's Vietnamese.

Christopher Wise/The Wall Street Journal

Bien Nguyen of Xu Saigon

A child of refugees who fled Vietnam by boat and eventually settled in the Western Australian capital of Perth three decades ago -- his mother was pregnant with him during the perilous sea voyage -- Mr. Nguyen has returned to his ancestral home to carve out a niche in its thriving restaurant and bar scene. The 30-year-old businessman is one of hundreds of thousands of overseas Vietnamese, known as Viet Kieu, who have been coming back to rediscover their roots -- and make their fortunes.

As managers of hip bars and nightclubs, owners of art galleries and fashion boutiques and executives at architecture and film-production companies, returning Viet Kieu are bringing a level of sophistication, an international standard of service and a fresh mix of flair and cultural influences that are helping transform contemporary Vietnam.

"Overseas Vietnamese have had an enormous impact on almost all areas of life in Vietnam" since the country began a policy of doi moi, or opening its economy, in 1986, says Vietnam specialist Mark Sidel, a law professor at the University of Iowa. Besides investing in the economy, Prof. Sidel says Viet Kieu have injected new ideas and brought a range of professional skills that are key to nation building.

Viet Kieu began trickling back to Vietnam in the 1990s. The trend picked up pace as the Vietnamese Communist Party gradually made it easier for them to return with their savings. A turning point was the formal adoption of rules in 2004 to streamline investment, relax immigration regulations and encourage Viet Kieu to buy property. That made it easier for overseas Vietnamese to work and live in Vietnam, "especially those with professional skills who can contribute to the future of the country," says Dominic Scriven, managing director of investment fund Dragon Capital Management in Ho Chi Minh City.

Of course, adds Prof. Sidel, "the Vietnamese state is still quite wary of overseas Vietnamese who are active in overseas groups that oppose the government, especially those who bring those politics back to Vietnam." But most returning Viet Kieu aren't interested in politics, he says, and so officially "they are welcome in virtually all areas of life."

Many Vietnamese left their country during and in the aftermath of decades of conflict starting with the war with the French colonial authorities, who withdrew in the mid-1950s. The outflow surged in the years leading up to the 1975 victory of the communist North over U.S.-supported South Vietnam. Hanoi's takeover led to the exodus by sea of hundreds of thousands of refugees who became known as the boat people.

Today an estimated three million Vietnamese live outside Vietnam, half of them in the U.S. The rest are scattered mostly in France, Australia and Canada.

It's unclear exactly how many Viet Kieu currently reside and do business in Vietnam, a nation of 85 million people, half of whom are under the age of 25. That's partly because many Viet Kieu retain passports from their adopted countries and travel back and forth on temporary residence and business visas.

For 40-year-old Henri Tran Anh Dung, resettling in Vietnam has been like a "new birth." Mr. Dung heads Sud-Est Production, which makes advertising and corporate films, in Ho Chi Minh City. "I discovered that my country, which I had never really known, was something I missed," he says.

Born in Laos, where his family had moved from Vietnam to escape the political tension, he went with his parents in 1975 to live in France. In the early 1990s, he moved to Vietnam, to work on "Cyclo," a film directed by his brother Tran Anh Hung, who had received an Oscar nomination for "The Scent of Green Papaya," a sensual and melancholy tale of a young peasant girl who takes comfort from the preparation of food.

After the success of "Cyclo," a film about a poor Saigon bicycle-taxi driver, Mr. Dung set up a Vietnam-based movie production house. He received international funding for a movie based on a book by a dissident Vietnamese writer, but filming was halted 15 days before completion due to political complications.

Eager to remain in Vietnam, Mr. Dung (who also goes by his French name Henri Phimasset) decided to establish Sud-Est Production. "It's been a beautiful return (to Vietnam)," says Mr. Dung, whose wife, Nguyen Thi Kim Oan, is a homegrown Vietnamese. "Growing up I never felt French and I never felt Vietnamese. It was always a mix."

It was curiosity about Vietnam's burgeoning art scene that drew Quynh Pham, 35, back home a decade ago. Born in Danang, she resettled in the U.S. in 1975 and grew up in San Diego. Today she runs Galerie Quynh, one of the country's leading galleries for Vietnamese contemporary art. Ms. Pham specializes in emerging young Vietnamese artists, and frequently features the works of overseas Vietnamese. "My artist stable actually comprises more Viet Kieu than local Vietnamese," she says. "These artists received their (Master of Fine Arts degrees) overseas and are coming back to Vietnam with many ideas and varied approaches to art making." Ms. Pham adds that the Viet Kieu and local artists "are learning from each other."

Still, it's on the country's culinary scene that returning Viet Kieu may have made their most pronounced impact -- starting with coffee.

David Thai is the founder of Highlands Coffee, Vietnam's answer to Starbucks. From a single outlet in Ho Chi Minh City in 2002, the company has grown into a chain with more than 60 outlets around the country.

Born in Saigon to parents from North Vietnam, he resettled in 1978 with his family in Seattle, home of Starbucks. That chain's success got him thinking about attempting a similar business model in Vietnam. So in 1996, he moved to Hanoi to study Vietnamese before opening his first cafe, Au Lac, on Hoan Kiem Lake.

Along with expanding Highlands coffee shops, Mr. Thai, 36, also sells packaged roast coffee abroad and in supermarkets at home.

In Hanoi, French-Vietnamese biological engineer-turned-chef Stephane Yvin is behind Green Tangerine in the heart of the city's old quarter.

The restaurant is in a meticulously restored 1928 French colonial villa, with distinctive green shutters. Diners can sit inside or on the cobble-stone terrace set back from the street.

Mr. Yvin describes the constantly changing menu as métisse or mixed, using "Vietnamese spices with a French touch." The child of métisse French-Vietnamese parents (two of his grandparents were from Hanoi), Mr. Yvin grew up in France, near Versailles, and moved to Vietnam in 1993. His first restaurant served Tex-Mex food, then he operated a crêperie. In 2003, Mr. Yvin and his Vietnamese wife Tin opened Green Tangerine, which has proved popular with Hanoi's growing middle-class as well as expatriates and foreign tourists. Mr. Yvin also has a casual eaterie in Hanoi named Cyclo Bar & Restaurant.

Another French-Viet Kieu, Tran Do Thanh, who manages an upmarket chain of street-food restaurants named Bun Ta in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, has led a move into Hanoi's bar scene with Sum Villa, on the shore of the city's West Lake. Outfitted with sumptuous red-toned décor, a proliferation of outsize fabric-covered lampshades and plush pillow-festooned couches, it's a high-end cocktail bar that wouldn't be out of place in New York or London.

Back in Ho Chi Minh City, Phuong Anh Nguyen, 43, was one of the earliest Viet Kieu to get a toehold in the bar and nightclub business, in the early 1990s. An American Viet Kieu, she runs Q Bar Saigon, located on the terrace of the Opera House, with its elegant fin-de-siècle French colonial architecture. Among its most popular cocktails: a ginger-infused Mojito -- chili is optional.

Ms. Nguyen's story is recounted in "Perfume Dreams: Reflections on the Vietnamese Diaspora," by fellow Viet Kieu Andrew Lam. In 1978, Ms. Nguyen and her family fled Vietnam by boat, a long journey filled with horror. During an attack by Thai pirates, one brother was murdered while unsuccessfully trying to save their sister from being raped. The sister died from her injuries. Ms. Nguyen had to bury both siblings when the boat was later shipwrecked off an Indonesian island. Eventually, Ms. Nguyen's parents got the family to California and settled in Pasadena.

When Ms. Nguyen proposed to return to Vietnam, as the first wave of Viet Kieu headed there, her parents objected. According to the book's account -- confirmed by Ms. Nguyen -- she went back to Vietnam to "face her demons."

She says now that "I fell in love with Vietnam and decided I wanted to stay." A business opportunity arose and Ms. Nguyen opened Q Bar in 1992. But her re-entry, like those of some other returnees, wasn't trouble-free. In 1998, she lost the license to operate the bar and went back to the U.S. Three years later, she returned to Ho Chi Minh City and reopened Q Bar, this time with a local business partner.

In his 2005 book, Mr. Lam credits Ms. Nguyen with being "single-handedly responsible for revitalizing Vietnam's high-end pubs. She was defining Vietnam's sense of style."

A chef by training, Bien Nguyen cut his teeth managing Opera Bar on Sydney harbor and shuttled between Australia and Vietnam before he finally decided in 2006 to open Xu, a restaurant-cum-lounge and cafe in Ho Chi Minh City's old French quarter.

Conceived by his friend and fellow Viet Kieu David Chang, an architect at the design firm dwp, Xu features raw unpolished wood finishes and oversize chandeliers. Mr. Chang is "lifting the bar for design and architecture" in Vietnam, says Mr. Nguyen, who is part of a loose support network of overseas Vietnamese dubbed Viet Moi, after doi moi.

One of the funkier restaurants and bars in Vietnam's southern metropolis, Xu dishes up what its entrepreneurial owner calls "evolving modern Vietnamese cuisine." Gastronomes can choose from a menu that includes duck breast pasta with bamboo heart and grape mustard purée. Or, opt for traditional Vietnamese favorites such as Banh Cuon Ca -- sea bass rolled in steamed rice flour with fresh herbs and Vietnamese dipping sauce.

"Modern Vietnamese is a natural evolution of the food," says Mr. Nyugen. "The first thing you change is the presentation. I call that modern." He cautions that when chefs tweak traditional recipes, certain principles must still apply: "The meal is always three-dimensional. You have the softness of the rice, the protein flavor of the meat and the crunchiness of the vegetables -- all enhanced by the freshness of the herbs."

After opening Xu, Mr. Nguyen started a small chain of chic Bo Bun or Hue noodle soup bars in Ho Chi Minh City.

Bien Nguyen's mother Mai Lam felt the tug to go back to Vietnam in the late 1990s, after 20 years in Australia. A fashion designer with an eponymous boutique at the Continental Hotel, a hostelry made famous by author Graham Greene in "The Quiet American," she designs and sells vintage garments using traditional Vietnamese fabrics, updated to suit contemporary fashion trends.

Across town, De Pham Phu and his wife Thao have come back after a long stay in southwestern France to run a restaurant named Dong Pho. They rebuilt the ruined French colonial family home that belonged to Mrs. Pham Phu's grandmother, who had stayed behind and held on to the residence after Thao and other family members fled Vietnam in 1975. It now doubles as their home and a restaurant.

Impeccably restored and modernized, with a lush garden terrace, theirs is a dining destination of striking refinement and culinary excellence -- even by the high standards of Saigon's burgeoning modern-Viet restaurant scene.

Mrs. Pham Phu supervises the menu of delicate specialties from Hue -- the former royal capital of Vietnam, known for its refined cuisine -- mixed occasionally with French and European flavors and dishes. There is pâté of pork head, grilled prawn pancakes and galettes combining béchamel sauce with Vietnamese ingredients as well as yellow ravioli filled with seafood.

Mr. Pham Phu, who is now 65, left Vietnam in the mid-1950s and was eager to return. His wife, 48, having had a taste of life under communism, was initially opposed to going back. While their feelings about the contemporary political situation may differ, they, like many Viet Kieu, agree on why they both returned: "Vietnamese are proud people and overseas, in France, we were never really 'chez nous,'" says Mrs. Pham Phu. Still, because local Vietnamese "accept us in a certain way, we aren't completely integrated" in Vietnam either, she adds. "But we are going to grow old here."

—Emma-Kate Symons is an Asia-based writer.

Leadership qualities

A gentle email from one the members of uNAVSA about Leadership

1. Leaders are reader

By 1958, Karol Josef Wojtyla (later known as Pope John Paul II) was a professor of ethics and had two doctorate degrees. But he also studied philosophy and literature ... and was well recognized as a playwright and poet.

Interestingly enough, once he earned those degrees, he didn't stop reading. As a chaplain for university students in Krakow, Poland, he used to go on camping and kayaking trips with the students so he could counsel and mentor them. But even then, he would take an hour or more every day to get by himself, to read and reflect. Khan said, "These moments of solitude gave him a strong internal compass and the knowledge of self that is required of all great leaders."

So how do you stack up against this reading-and-reflection criterion? When I'm out speaking, training, and consulting, I notice that most people spend too much time ON THEIR WORK and too little time ON THEMSELVES

A year from now, you'll be the same as today except for four things ... the books you read, the classes you take, the speeches you hear, and the people you meet. At the very least, I encourage you to read an hour a day. If you were to take an hour a day ... reading up on your field ... or any field you choose ... within a five-year period you would become an expert in your field. And people are hungering and thirsting for a leader with that kind of knowledge.

2. Leaders are humble.

When Wojtyla was elected Pope in 1978, he refused the formal papal coronation in favor of a simple inauguration ceremony. And instead of speaking like the other popes prior to him, instead of using the royal "WE" term ... in other words referring to himself and God as one ... he spoke from his own simple "I" perspective. He wanted to be known as a servant leader and even chose the title of "Servus Servorum Dei" or "Servant of the Servants of God" rather than some CEO, Chairman of the Board, Commander in Chief, or Supreme Papal title.

If you are a leader or aspire to be one, you can learn from Wojtyla. Don't isolate yourself in the corner office or the ivory tower. Don't become more and more removed from your coworkers and customers with each new promotion, title, diploma, award, certificate or news clipping. Open your doors; let down your guard, and seek dialogue. As Khan pointed out, "Leadership by walking around ... and talking to people and listening to their needs ... earns respect and trust."

3. Leaders have heart.

When Wojtyla returned to Poland in 1979 as the Pope, he risked his life against the totalitarian Communist regime. Instead of speaking in the vague generalities and political niceties that the Communists would accept, he spoke from the heart. He urged his people to stop crawling like animals. He encouraged them to walk tall and "be not afraid." The crowds went wild and a flame of rebellion and counter-revolution was lit in the collective consciousness of the Polish people. Wojtyla sparked the Solidarity movement for independence and freedom that eventually toppled the Communist regime.

Despite Wojtyla's enormous intellect, he knew intellect was not enough. He knew if he wanted to win over people, he had to let down his guard, push aside his formal clerical role, and speak from the heart.

Could the same be said about you? That you lead from the heart as well as the head? If you lead from the head alone, you'll be seen as a cold fish. And if you lead from the heart alone, you'll be seen as a ditz without any common sense. Neither extreme works.

4. Leaders are willing to forgive.

In 1983, Pope John Paul II met with Ali Agca in prison, the very man who tried to assassinate him just two years earlier. Despite several months of painful recovery, the Pope visited Agca in prison and offered forgiveness. And later, through his request, the Italian government granted clemency to Agca.

You see ... highly effective leaders know we are all fallible human beings, and we all make mistakes. And one mark of a true leader is his or her willingness to forgive. As Khan so clearly says, "While there's no excuse to keep someone who consistently fails to learn from their mistakes, the boss that fires an employee for making a big mistake is often mistaken for doing so. After all, there's always the risk that the next person hired could potentially make the same disastrous mistake."

By contrast, when you as a leader offer forgiveness to the employee who fouls up, that employee is unlikely to repeat the same mistake. And chances are, that employee will remain fiercely loyal to you.

5. Leaders take full responsibility for their organization.

Now this is a biggie ... and it's mighty rare. We live in an age where people seem to blame everyone for everything that happens in their lives. Executives take HUGE obscene bonus checks as they drive their companies into the ground, all the time saying it wasn't their fault. And employees say, "I just work here ... or ... That's not my responsibility."

But REAL leaders take responsibility. The day former U.S. President John F. Kennedy took full responsibility for the Bay of Pigs fiasco was the day he became a leader. The day in 2000 when Pope John Paul II apologized and took responsibility for the sins of the Catholic Church committed over the centuries was the day he became a truly respected global leader. And when he apologized and took responsibly for the sins of anti-Semitism committed by Christians, his stature went even higher.

You see ... blaming is the mark of the loser. As Khan says so well, "We can make excuses or we can make progress -- but we certainly can't do both." To be an uncommon leader, you must take full responsibility for your actions, your team, and ultimately the whole organization or cause you lead.

6. Leaders stand up for what they believe.

Pope John Paul II met with PLO leader Arafat, Soviet premier Gorbachev, and Cuban premier Castro. He met with the famous and the infamous, moving in circles and addressing issues that made him unpopular with some people.

But he was never one to back down. He stood up for what he believed. He had the courage of his convictions. And yet in some strange way, his inner toughness and steely resolve helped him break down walls and foster reconciliation.

Leadership is not about winning a popularity contest. It's about being strong, firm, resolute, and taking a stand. Khan concludes, "A divided mind is weak; a united mind, clear and singular in purpose, is powerful beyond measure."

One time John Paul II was asked if he feared retaliation from government officials. He replied, "I'm not afraid of them. They are afraid of me."

Indeed, he relayed a message that all leaders need to echo, perhaps more today than ever before, and that is "Be not afraid!"

Action:

Put the 6 characteristics of a leader on a piece of paper, and then ask all the people on your team to rate you on those 6 characteristics.

Mr. Obama Set Vietnam Free

By: Duy Hoang from Today's Wall Street Journal Asia

For anyone watching Barack Obama's inaugural address last week from an unfree country, surely one of the most stirring lines came when he said, "And so, to all the other peoples and governments who are watching today . . . know that America is a friend of each nation, and every man, woman and child who seeks a future of peace and dignity. And we are ready to lead once more."

AP

Times have changed, but not their desire for liberty: South Vietnamese scale the wall of the U.S. embassy in Saigon, April 29, 1975, a day before the evacuation.

Vietnam would be the perfect place to start.

From a simply strategic standpoint, Vietnam sits smack in the middle of Southeast Asia, next to China and Thailand and alongside important shipping lines through the South China Sea. America can only benefit from having a peaceful, democratic regime in place there. From a broader perspective, one of America's biggest foreign policy missteps in the 20th century was its abandonment of Vietnam to the Communist Party. Times have changed, but Vietnam's potential for anchoring a liberal, economically vibrant Southeast Asia has not. Using soft power, the United States possesses the diplomatic means to help the Vietnamese people, and American interests.

Vietnam is ripe for change. Vietnam is no Malaysia or Indonesia, plagued by sectarian conflict. Nor is it like China, despite the superficial similarities of communist governments in Confucian cultures that have tried to offer their people economic growth in exchange for political obeisance.

Whereas Chinese leaders have aspirations for great power status, Vietnam's communists maintain a tributary relationship with China, relying on Beijing for political support. As a result, while the Chinese Communist Party can manipulate nationalist sentiments to further its control, the Vietnamese Communist Party must tamp down nationalism lest its control be threatened. Hanoi also already faces a much higher cost for bad policies and failures to reform. Multinational companies cannot ignore the huge Chinese market, but they can afford to skip Vietnam if the business environment becomes too challenging or the political system too repressive.

Another decisive factor is the relative homogeneity and attitudes of the Vietnamese diaspora. Numbering 1.5 million in the U.S. and three million worldwide, overseas Vietnamese are mostly boat people who fled as political refugees beginning in 1975. With a common past, many share hopes for a free and democratic Vietnam in the future. Meanwhile, Vietnam has one of the most pro-U.S. populaces in the world. In Vietnam, the regime dislikes the U.S., but "the street" loves America. As long as U.S. policy stays focused on engaging the Vietnamese people, it can draw on a tremendous reservoir of good will.

Which is not to say Washington should work outright for the overthrow of the regime in Hanoi. Political change, when it comes, will have to be the handiwork of the Vietnamese people. But if Mr. Obama wants to encourage Vietnam's political evolution, he does have tools available that could have a big impact. The most important tool is simply the tone Washington sets for its relationship with Hanoi. American officials should be clear that the U.S. will work with the regime only insofar as it is the current government, but that America is first and foremost a partner with the Vietnamese people.

The U.S. could begin by speaking out against the arbitrary arrests, intimidation of democracy activists and restrictions on independent religious and political organizations. For the U.S. to talk with one voice, all departments involved in Vietnam policy including State, Commerce and Defense must have consistent priorities. A stronger human rights policy also necessitates that the administration adhere to the letter and spirit of the International Religious Freedom Act. The Bush administration made a mistake when it removed Vietnam from the list of Countries of Particular Concern for violations of religious freedom to advance other diplomatic goals.

The U.S. should engage with all facets of Vietnamese society. Education is a key area. Programs for Vietnamese youth to study at U.S. colleges should receive increased funding. At the same time, opportunities need to be created for U.S.-based academics and experts to share ideas with audiences in Vietnam, for example through forums organized by the U.S. embassy in Hanoi. U.S. political-military talks with the Vietnamese government and the Pentagon's International Military Education and Training program would encourage the People's Army of Vietnam to modernize not just its operational capability, but also its thinking in terms of the proper balance of civilian-military relations and the fundamental mission of the military -- which is to defend against external threats.

The U.S. also can help the Vietnamese people have a say in their own futures by supporting civil society. Directing health, education, microfinance and other programs through official Vietnamese government channels is not an effective long-term solution. The U.S. can support local capacity by exploring all avenues to cooperate directly with private Vietnamese individuals and community-based organizations. The U.S. should establish dialogues with Vietnamese pro-democracy organizations and reformist elements in the regime. The message of the U.S. should be: "It is up to the Vietnamese people to determine their own government. As a friend of Vietnam, we are willing to listen to all who have constructive views."

Indeed, U.S. policy must match the enthusiasm for change on the ground. Drawing on the experience of Eastern Europe and elsewhere, the U.S. can also help reassure those in power that change need not be destructive nor invite chaos.

Major U.S. policy decisions toward Vietnam since the normalization of relations in 1995 -- such as the bilateral trade agreement and permanent normal trade status -- have often been justified by their long-term effect on promoting greater openness. But the long term can be a very long time away. The policy choice for the Obama administration is not whether a free Vietnam is merely a preferred outcome in the long run, but whether it ought to be an active goal in the closer term. By standing with the Vietnamese people, the U.S. has the opportunity to transform Vietnam and ultimately a large swath of Asia.

Mr. Hoang is a U.S.-based leader of Viet Tan, an unsanctioned pro-democracy political party in Vietnam.

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Reflections

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Perfumes of life radiating through camera lenses...


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